Complex Ions Menu
An introduction to complex ions with an explanation of what ligands are and how they bond to the central metal ion.
An introduction to the naming of common complex ions.
An introduction to the shapes of complex ions (including some simple stereoisomerism).
A simple explanation of why complex ions formed by transition metals tend to be coloured, and a look at the factors which cause the colours to change during reactions.
Looks at the shapes of the 3d orbitals, and explains why they split into two groups of unequal energy when ligands approach and attach in an octahedral arrangement.
Looks at the chemistry of several simple ligand exchange reactions required for UK A-level courses.
Explains what is meant by stability constants for complex ions. This page assumes that you are familiar with simple ligand exchange reactions.
Explains why ions of the type M(H2O)6n+ are acidic, and how and why the acidity varies with the charge on the ion.
Looks in detail at what happens when you add sodium hydroxide solution to solutions of the hexaaqua ions.
Looks in detail at what happens when you add ammonia solution to solutions of the hexaaqua ions.
Looks in detail at what happens when you add sodium carbonate solution to solutions of the hexaaqua ions.