Organic Bonding Menu

An introduction to the arrangement of electrons in atoms – leading to the modern electronic structures of carbon and hydrogen.

Covers bonding in methane and ethane, including a simple look at hybridisation.

Covers bonding in ethene, including a simple look at hybridisation.

Looks at the formation of a carbon-carbon triple bond. (If you aren't happy about bonding in ethene, read that first!)

A description of the Kekulé structure for benzene and the reasons (including hydrogenation energies) why it isn't satisfactory.

Covers a modern view of the bonding in benzene, including a simple look at hybridisation.

Describes the carbon-oxygen double bond in methanal (including a simple look at hybridisation), but applies equally to other aldehydes and ketones like ethanal and propanone.

An introduction to electronegativity as it applies to organic chemistry, including its causes. Bond polarity.